The eighteenth century has gifted literature, two new forms which had no real traces in the ancient classical heritage.
1) The Periodical Essay
2) NOVEL
Both these forms, caught the spirit of the eighteenth century writing as the age of intellectual, sentimental and realistic plane and tried to instruct the readers, which would help them to a more purposeful and virtuous life. Since then, novel has been gaining popularity and growing gradually. Today, it is recognized as the most dominant literary genre.
Novel - A relatively long narrative which describes intimate human experiences normally in a prose form.
The word ‘novel’ is derived from the Italian ‘novella’, meaning ‘new’.
A novel narrates a story with more details of time, place, nature, people and their minds, their gestures and activities. It creates the picture of the society of that time. According to some, the novel has a history of about two thousand years. The early precursors of novel - a collection of tales known as Greek Romances dating from the second to sixth century may top the list. These imaginative and delightful stories of ideal love and marvellous adventures profoundly affected the creative writing for the next thousand years.
Earlier threads of the genre can be found in Virgil’s Ecologues or Malory’s ‘Morte De Arthur’ or Geoffrey Chaucer’s ‘The Canterbury Tales’.
• Murasaki Shikibu’s ‘Tale of Genji’ (1010) - world’s first novel.
• The European novel began with ‘Don Quixote’ by Spanish writer Miguel de Cervantes published in two parts between 1605 and1615.
In the18th century, the appearance of newspaper and magazines attracted a large number of readers from the middle class. These new readers had little interest in romances and tragedies, which were appreciated by the upper class. Thus, need for a new type of literature arose that would express the new ideas of the 18th century. This new literature was characterized by the spirit of realism and denial of romantic features like enthusiasm, passion and imagination.
After 1740, novel was introduced in England. Increase in trade and commerce, along with the Industrial Revolution, had given rise to the middle class. The realistic picture of everyday life and problems of common people depicted in the novels appealed to the newly educated class and was regarded by them as respectable reading material.
Thus, novel voiced the aspirations of the middle and lower classes and met their longings. The spread of machines could provide a time to the educated middle class for reading and discussions about the books. Drama and poetry were the two literary forms that were fading away. Novel was a combination of some features of them and some new features were added to the form. It was the prominent form in the eighteenth century and onwards to encompass the social, political and cultural happenings and scientific progress.
Major novel writers and their work:
• Plenteous and colourful tradition of English novel initiated by
The Pilgrim’s Progress’ by John Bunyan (1678) and ‘Oroonoku’ by Aphra Behn (1688)
• Followed by
Daniel Defoe (Robinson Crusoe, Mall Flanders),
Jonathan Swift (‘Gulliver’s Travels’ - famous satire)
• Other major novelists of 18th century-
Samuel Richardson, (‘Pamela, or Virtue Rewarded’ and ‘Clarissa,’ both epistolary novels) Henry Fielding, Lawrence Sterne and Tobias Smollett.
• The tradition was enriched by
Charles Dickens, Walter Scott, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Horace Walpole, Thomas Hardy Willkie Collins H.G. Wells.
The 20th century marked by the modern topics and innovative styles and techniques and widened angles of the views by the novelists. They widened the circumference of the genre by writing political, social, psychological and other modern issues in their novels.
• Some major authors of 20th century were
E.M. Forster James Joyce, Joseph Conrad, Henry James, George Orwell, Graham Greene, D.H. Lawrence William Golding Anthony Burgess.
• There are immigrant authors like
Salman Rushdie (India)
V.S. Naipaul (Trinidad)
Kazuo Ishigura (Japan)
• Women novelists too contributed substantially
Novel of manners ‘Evelina’ by Frances Burney
Gothic novels by Ann Radcliffe
Novel based on Science of the age ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelley
Jane Austen (prolific writer)
Emily Bronte ‘The Wuthering Heights’
Charlotte Bronte ‘Jane Eyre’
Mary Ann Evans alias George Eliot (wrote the novels reflecting psychological insight)
Virginia Woolf (the pioneer of the Stream of Consciousness technique in English novel) Agatha Christie (wrote novels based on crime- Hercule Poirot and Miss Marple are the evergreen detectives created by her.)
Harper Lee, Margaret Atwood, Toni Morrison and Alice Walker have elevated the tradition further to prosperity.
• Indian Scenario:
‘Rajmohan’s Wife’, by Bankim Chandra Chattopadhyaya serialized in ‘The Indian Field’ - first novel in English written by an Indian.
Novels that followed bore either nationalistic virtues or social issues as their main framework.
• Major Indian writers of the early 20th century
Mulkraj Anand
R.K. Narayan
Raja Rao
• Novelists who changed the current of Indian English novel through their works.
AnitaDesai
Nayantara Sahgal
Arun Joshi
Manohar Malgaonkar
• Indian novel in English ameliorated with new features by
Amitav Ghosh
Vikram Seth
Upamanyu Chatterjee
• Some more Indian novelists of recent years
Salman Rushsdie
Arvind Adiga
Arundhati Roy Kiran Desai
Kiran Nagarkar
Novella:
Novella, originated from the Italian word ‘novelle’
- type of prose fiction which is shorter than a full-length novel and longer than short stories.
- well-structured yet short narrative, often satiric or realistic in tone.
- focuses on one incident or issue with one or two main characters and takes place at a single tradition.
• Some of the famous novellas in English –
• ‘The Heart of Darkness’ by Joseph Conrad
• ‘The Turn of the Screw’ by Henry James
• ‘Billy Budd’ by Hermann Melville
• ‘Death in Venice’ by Thomas Mann
• ‘Seize the Day’ by Saul Bellow
• ‘Pearl’ by John Steinbeck
• Elements of Novel/ Novella
There are six elements essential of ‘Novel’ or “Novella’.
Theme: Theme is the central idea in the novel which can be expressed in a nutshell. It is a philosophical statement or a truth which the writer has put forth through the narration of the series of events in the story and characters acting in the particular setting.
Plot: Plot is essentially the story or the course of events that make up the theme. It is created by the conflict either internal (inside the mind of the character) or external (with other characters or entities). Plot may be simple (one plot) or complex (consisting the interweaving of many subplots).
Character: Characterization is related to the plot as the course of events take place because of the certain behaviour of the characters.
Depiction of character can range from a thumbnail sketch to deep, wordy, highly detailed verbal sketch. The important character may have been described in its every aspect by the writer. The minor characters are not given much importance. The reader follows the actions of one main character throughout the novel. This character is referred to as the ‘protagonist’. Protagonist (main character) is in conflict with a character or an entity or a force (internal or external) which is known as antagonist.
Setting: Setting is the background in which the story takes place.There are several aspects of the setting. It includes place, period, time, climate or weather and lifestyle. Plot and character are the two major elements that are affected due to setting. Conflict: The struggle between the opposite forces in the story is called ‘conflict.’ Conflict in the story provides interest and curiosity about the plot.
Language / Style: The language and the techniques used by the author for the narration of the course of events is known as the ‘style’. An author can use extensive vocabulary and high phrases or he may be laconic and would write only to the point or he may mix both according to the requirement for meeting his purpose. He may use linguistic devices to make the narrative effective. All these factors decide the ‘texture’ of the narration and create an impact on the readers.
• Types of Novel
Realistic novel: The realistic novel is a fiction that gives the effect of realism. Sometimes this is also called a novel of manner. It can be characterized by its complex characters with mixed motives that are rooted in the social class. The characters in the realistic novel interact with other characters and undergo plausible and everyday experiences.
Picaresque novel: The word ‘picaresque’ is originated from the Spanish word ‘picaro,’ which means a rogue. A picaresque novel narrates the adventures of the protagonist, who is an eccentric or a disreputable person, in an episodic form.
Historical novel: A historical novel is a novel set in a period earlier than that of the writing. Epistolary novel: The word ‘epistolary’ derives from the Latin word ‘epistola,’ which means a letter. The epistolary novel is that in which the writer presents the narrative through a series of correspondence or other documents. Although letters are the most common basis for epistolary novel, diary entries are also a popular form of this type.
Gothic novel: The novels that include terror, mystery, horror, thriller, supernatural, doom, death or decay or haunted buildings are called The Gothic novels.
Autobiographical novel: The autobiographical novel is the novel based on the life of the author. However, the author changes the places and names of characters or even may change or avoid certain details of his life. It may or may not be in the first-person narration.
Allegorical novel: An allegory is a story that bears more than one level of meaning. The surface meaning of such novel is different from the symbolic meaning of it. The symbolic meaning of an allegory may be political, religious, historical or philosophical.
Utopian/ Dystopian novel: Utopia is an imaginary community or society possessing the ideal qualities. It is a common literary theme, especially in science fiction or speculative fiction. Psychological novel: Psychological novel is the work of fiction that treats the internal life of the protagonist or even the other characters as much as the external factors.
Stream of Consciousness novel: Stream of consciousness is a phrase coined by William James in his treatise ‘Principles of Psychology.’ (1890). It means the flow of the thoughts. Incidents in the plot are in the sequence of their occurrences. The novelist narrates them as they enter the mind of the character.
The ‘Bildungsroman’ novel: The German word ‘bildungsroman’ indicates growth. The fictional biography or autobiography is concerned with the growth of the protagonist’s mind, spirit and characters from their childhood to adulthood.
Other types:
In the first half of the 20th century a cult of ‘pulp magazines’ became popular in which fantastic fiction for the general entertainment of the masses was printed on the cheap pulp paper. The pulp fiction era provided a building ground for the detective novels and science fiction.
Science fiction is a genre of speculative fiction dealing with imaginative concept such as futuristic setting, futuristic science and technology, space travel, time travel, parallel universes and extra-terrestrial life. Science fiction often explores the potential consequences of scientific and other innovations. ‘Frankenstein’ by Mary Shelly (1823) is considered the first novel based on science and technology. The genre flourished in the second half of the19th century.
The Detective fiction is a subgenre of crime fiction and mystery fiction in which an investigator or a detective- either professional or amateur- investigates a crime, often a murder.
